|
== Keskushermoston tärkeimmät välittäjäaineet ==
Neurotransmitter systems :
{| class="wikitable"
|+Neurotransmitter systems
|-
! System !! Origin <ref name=Rang> {{cite book |author=Rang, H. P. |title=Pharmacology |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |location=Edinburgh |year=2003 |pages= 474 for noradrenaline system, page 476 for dopamine system, page 480 for serotonin system and page 483 for cholinergic system. |isbn=0-443-07145-4 |oclc= |doi=}} </ref> !! Effects<ref name=Rang/>
|-
!rowspan=2| Noradrenaline system
| ''[[locus coeruleus]]''
|rowspan=2|
*arousal
*reward
|-
| [[Lateral tegmental field]]
|-
! Dopamine system
|| [[dopamine]] [[neural pathway|pathways]]:
* [[mesocortical pathway]]
* [[mesolimbic pathway]]
* [[nigrostriatal pathway]]
* [[tuberoinfundibular pathway]]
|| [[motor system]], reward, [[cognition]], [[endocrine]], [[nausea]]
|-
!rowspan=2| Serotonin system
| caudal [[dorsal raphe nucleus]]
|rowspan=2| Increase ([[extraversion and introversion|introversion]]), [[Mood (psychology)|mood]], [[satiety]], [[body temperature]] and [[sleep]], while decreasing [[nociception]].
|-
| rostral [[dorsal raphe nucleus]]
|-
!rowspan=3| Cholinergic system
| ''pontomesencephalotegmental complex''
|rowspan=3|
*[[learning]]
*[[Memory#Short-term|short-term memory]]
*arousal
*reward
|-
| [[basal optic nucleus of Meynert]]
|-
| medial [[septal nucleus]]
|}
== Common neurotransmitters ==
{| class="wikitable" class="sortable wikitable"
| '''Category''' || '''Name''' || '''Abbreviation''' || '''[[Metabotropic]]''' || '''[[Ionotropic]]'''
|-
| Small: Amino acids || [[Aspartate]] || || - || -
|-
| [[Neuropeptide]]s || [[N-Acetylaspartylglutamate]] || NAAG || [[Metabotropic glutamate receptor]]s; selective agonist of [[mGluR3]] || -
|-
| Small: Amino acids || [[Glutamate]] (glutamic acid) || Glu || [[Metabotropic glutamate receptor]] || [[NMDA receptor]], [[Kainate receptor]], [[AMPA receptor]]
|-
| Small: Amino acids || [[Gamma-aminobutyric acid]] || GABA || [[GABAB receptor|GABA<sub>B</sub> receptor]] || [[GABAA receptor|GABA<sub>A</sub>]], [[GABAC receptor|GABA<sub>C</sub>]]
|-
| Small: Amino acids || [[Glycine]] || Gly || - || [[Glycine receptor]]
|-
| Small: Acetylcholine || [[Acetylcholine]] || Ach || [[Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor]] || [[Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor]]
|-
| Small: Monoamine ([[Phenylalanine|Phe]]/[[Tyrosine|Tyr]]) || [[Dopamine]] || DA || [[Dopamine receptor]] || -
|-
| Small: Monoamine ([[Phenylalanine|Phe]]/[[Tyrosine|Tyr]]) || [[Norepinephrine]] (noradrenaline) || NE || [[Adrenergic receptor]] || -
|-
| Small: Monoamine ([[Phenylalanine|Phe]]/[[Tyrosine|Tyr]]) || [[Epinephrine]] (adrenaline) || Epi || [[Adrenergic receptor]] || -
|-
| Small: Monoamine ([[Phenylalanine|Phe]]/[[Tyrosine|Tyr]]) || [[Octopamine]] || || - || -
|-
| Small: Monoamine ([[Phenylalanine|Phe]]/[[Tyrosine|Tyr]]) || [[Tyramine]] || || -
|-
| Small: Monoamine ([[Tryptophan|Trp]]) || [[Serotonin]] (5-hydroxytryptamine) || 5-HT || [[Serotonin receptor]], all but 5-HT3 || [[5-HT3]]
|-
| Small: Monoamine ([[Tryptophan|Trp]]) || [[Melatonin]] || Mel || [[Melatonin receptor]] || -
|-
| Small: Monoamine ([[Histamine|His]]) || [[Histamine]] || H || [[Histamine receptor]] || -
|-
| PP: Gastrins || [[Gastrin]] || || - || -
|-
| PP: Gastrins || [[Cholecystokinin]] || CCK || [[Cholecystokinin receptor]] || -
|-
| PP: Neurohypophyseals || [[Vasopressin]] || || [[Vasopressin receptor]] || -
|-
| PP: Neurohypophyseals || [[Oxytocin]] || || [[Oxytocin receptor]] || -
|-
| PP: Neurohypophyseals || [[Neurophysin I]] || || - || -
|-
| PP: Neurohypophyseals || [[Neurophysin II]] || || - || -
|-
| PP: Neuropeptide Y || [[Neuropeptide Y]] || NY || [[Neuropeptide Y receptor]] || -
|-
| PP: Neuropeptide Y || [[Pancreatic polypeptide]] || PP || - || -
|-
| PP: Neuropeptide Y || [[Peptide YY]] || PYY || - || -
|-
| PP: [[Opioid]]s || [[Corticotropin]] (adrenocorticotropic hormone) || ACTH || [[Corticotropin receptor]] || -
|-
| PP: Opioids || [[Dynorphin]] || || - || -
|-
| PP: Opioids || [[Endorphin]] || || - || -
|-
| PP: Opioids || [[Enkephaline]] || || - || -
|-
| PP: Secretins || [[Secretin]] || || [[Secretin receptor]] || -
|-
| PP: Secretins || [[Motilin]] || || [[Motilin receptor]] || -
|-
| PP: Secretins || [[Glucagon]] || || [[Glucagon receptor]] || -
|-
| PP: Secretins || [[Vasoactive intestinal peptide]] || VIP || [[Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor]] || -
|-
| PP: Secretins || [[Growth hormone-releasing factor]] || GRF || - || -
|-
| PP: Somtostatins || [[Somatostatin]] || || [[Somatostatin receptor]] || -
|-
| SS: Tachykinins || [[Neurokinin A]] || || - || -
|-
| SS: Tachykinins || [[Neurokinin B]] || || - || -
|-
| SS: Tachykinins || [[Substance P]] || || - || -
|-
| PP: Other || [[Bombesin]] || || - || -
|-
| PP: Other || [[Gastrin releasing peptide]] || GRP || - || -
|-
| Gas || [[Nitric oxide]] || NO || - || -
|-
| Gas || [[Carbon monoxide]] || CO || - || -
|-
| Other || [[Anandamide]] || AEA || [[Cannabinoid receptor]] || -
|-
| Other || [[Adenosine triphosphate]] || ATP || [[P2Y12]] || [[P2X receptor]]
|}
== Katso myös ==
* [[Neuropsychopharmacology]]
* [[Nervous system]]
* [[Gasotransmitters]]
==Lähteet==
{{Reflist}}
==Viitteet==
{{commons|Neurotransmitter|Neurotransmitter}}
* [http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/neurotrans/neurotrans.html Molecular Expressions Photo Gallery: The Neurotransmitter Collection]
* [http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd10.html Brain Neurotransmitters]
* [http://www.neurotransmitter.net/neurosignaling.html Endogenous Neuroactive Extracellular Signal Transducers]
* {{MeshName|Neurotransmitter}}
{{Cell signaling}}
{{Neurotransmitter systems}}
[[Category:Neurotransmitters]]
[[Category:Neurochemistry]]
[[Category:Molecular neuroscience]]
[[ar:ناقل عصبي]]
[[bn:নিউরোট্রান্সমিটার]]
[[bg:Невротрансмитер]]
[[ca:Neurotransmissor]]
[[cs:Neurotransmiter]]
[[da:Neurotransmitter]]
[[de:Neurotransmitter]]
[[el:Νευροδιαβιβαστής]]
[[es:Neurotransmisor]]
[[eo:Neŭrotransmisiilo]]
[[fr:Neurotransmetteur]]
[[ko:신경전달물질]]
[[hr:Neurotransmiter]]
[[it:Neurotrasmettitore]]
[[he:מוליך עצבי]]
[[lt:Mediatorius (biochemija)]]
[[hu:Ingerületátvivő anyagok]]
[[nl:Neurotransmitter]]
[[ja:神経伝達物質]]
[[no:Nevrotransmitter]]
[[oc:Neurotransmetor]]
[[pl:Neuroprzekaźnik]]
[[pt:Neurotransmissor]]
[[ro:Neurotransmiţător]]
[[ru:Нейромедиатор]]
[[simple:Neurotransmitter]]
[[sk:Neurotransmiter]]
[[sr:Неуротрансмитери]]
[[fi:Aivojen välittäjäaine]]
[[sv:Signalsubstans]]
[[th:สารสื่อประสาท]]
[[tr:Nörotransmitter]]
[[uk:Нейромедіатори]]
=== Merkittävimmät ===
* [[GABA|γ-aminovoihappo]] (GABA)
| 