Ero sivun ”Funktionalismi (mielenfilosofia)” versioiden välillä

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Rivi 72:
 
In the case of David Lewis, there is a distinction in the concepts of "having pain" (a [[rigid designator]] true in all possible worlds) and just "pain" (a non-rigid designator). Pain, for Lewis, stands for something like the definite description "the state with the causal role x". The referent of the description in humans is a type of brain state to be determined by science. The referent among silicon-based life forms is something else. The referent of the description among angels is some immaterial, non-physical state. For Lewis, therefore, ''local'' type-physical reductions are possible and compatible with conceptual functionalism. (See also Lewis's [[Mad pain and Martian pain]].) There seems to be some confusion between types and tokens that needs to be cleared up in the functionalist analysis.
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== Kritiikki ==
 
Rivi 79:
{{Pääartikkeli|[[Kiinalaisen huoneen argumentti|Kiinalainen huone]]}}
 
[[John Searle]]n (1980) esittämä kiinalaisen huoneen argumentti on suora hyökkäys sitä ajatusta vastaan, että ajattelu voitaisiin esittää pelkästään joukkona toimintoja. Ajatuskoe esittää, että puhtaasti toimintoja jäljittelevä järjestelmä voi jäljitellä älykästä toimintaa ilman minkäänlaista tulkintaa tai ymmärrystä.
The [[Chinese room]] argument by [[John Searle]] (1980) is a direct attack on the claim that thought can be represented as a set of functions. The thought experiment asserts that it is possible to mimic intelligent action without any interpretation or understanding through the use of a purely functional system. In short, Searle describes a person who only speaks English who is in a room with only Chinese symbols in baskets and a rule book in English for moving the symbols around. The person is then ordered by people outside of the room to follow the rule book for sending certain symbols out of the room when given certain symbols. Further suppose that the people outside of the room are Chinese speakers and are communicating with the person inside via the Chinese symbols. According to Searle, it would be absurd to claim that the English speaker inside knows Chinese simply based on these syntactic processes. This thought experiment attempts to show that systems which operate merely on syntactic processes (inputs and outputs, based on algorithms) cannot realize any semantics (meaning) or intentionality (aboutness). Thus, Searle attacks the idea that thought can be equated with following a set of syntactic rules; that is, functionalism is an insufficient theory of the mind.
 
Lyhyesti, Searle kuvaa pelkästään englantia puhuvaa henkilöä, joka on huoneessa, johon tulee yhdestä ovesta kiinalaisia kirjoitusmerkkejä, ja hänen on annettava niitä toisesta ovesta sen mukaan, miten hänellä oleva englanninkielinen sääntökirja neuvoo. Ulkopuolella olevat henkilöt, jotka antavat kirjoitusmerkkejä ja ottavat niitä vastaan, ovat kiinankielisiä, ja kommunikoivat huoneessa olevan henkilön kanssa vain näitä merkkejä käyttäen. Searlen argumentin idea on, että olisi absurdia väittää, että huoneessa oleva henkilö osaisi kiinaa pelkästään sen perusteella, että hän kykenee kirjoitusmerkkien [[syntaksi|syntaktiseen]] prosessointiin sääntökirjan avulla.
 
Argumentin sanoma tiivistettynä on, että säännönseuraaminen ei ole ihmismielen toimintaan verrattavissa oleva tapahtuma, koska siinä ei tapahdu merkityksen ymmärtämistä. Laajemmassa muodossaan argumentti väittää, että syntaksista ei voisi johtaa [[semantiikka]]a. Näin Searle hyökkää sitä ajatusta vastaan, että ajattelu voitaisiin käsittää samaksi kuin syntaktisten sääntöjen seuraaminen; näin funktionalismi on riittämätön teoria mielestä.
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As noted above, in connection with Block's Chinese nation, many functionalists responded to Searle's [[thought experiment]] by suggesting that there was a form of mental activity going on at a higher level than the man in the Chinese room could comprehend (the so-called "system reply"); that is, the system does know Chinese. Of course, Searle responds that there is nothing more than syntax going on at the higher-level as well, so this reply is subject to the same initial problems.
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=== KiivaKiina-aivot ===
 
{{Pääartikkeli|[[Kiina-aivot]]}}
 
[[Ned Block]] käsitteli artikkelissaan ”Troubles with Functionalism” (1980b) useita funktionalismiin liittyviä ongelmia. Eräs näistä oli Kiina-aivojen (”China brain”) nimellä tunnettu ajatuskoe. Ajatuskokeen idea on, että koko Kiinan kansa olisi organisoitunut ikään kuin aivoiksi, niin että jokainen ihmisyksilö toimisi neuronina. Funktionalismin mukaan tällainen järjestely olisi oikea mieli, mikäli ihmiset toteuttavat vaaditut toiminnalliset roolit, ja ”neuronien” syötteiden ja tulosteiden välillä on oikeanlaiset kausaaliset suhteet. Tällaisella mielellä olisi henkisiä tiloja, [[tietoisuus]] ja niin edelleen. Block kuitenkin katsoo, että tämä olisi absurdia, joten funktionalismin väitteissä tulee olla jotain pielessä, koska sen mukaan tällainen olisi riittävä kuvaus mielestä.
In "Troubles with Functionalism" (1980b), Ned Block poses several problems for functionalism. The first of these is known as the "Chinese nation" (or [[China brain]]) thought experiment. The Chinese nation thought experiment involves supposing that the entire nation of China systematically organizes itself to operate just like a brain, with each individual acting as a neuron (forming what has come to be called a "Blockhead"). According to functionalism, so long as the people are performing the proper functional roles, with the proper causal relations between inputs and outputs, the system will be a real mind, with mental states, consciousness, and so on. However, Block argues, this is patently absurd, so there must be something wrong with the thesis of functionalism since it would allow this to be a legitimate description of a mind.
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=== Käännetty spektri ===
 
{{Pääartikkeli|[[Käännetty spektri]]}}
 
Eräs keskeinen argumentti funktionalismia vastaan liittyy käännetty spektrin tai käännetyn [[kvalia]]n ongelmaan. Sitä on esittänyt argumentiksi funktionalismia vastaan erityisesti Ned Block (1980b).
Another main criticism of functionalism is the [[inverted spectrum]] or inverted [[qualia]] scenario, most specifically proposed as an objection to functionalism by Ned Block (1980b). This thought experiment involves supposing that there is a person, call her Jane, that is born with a condition which makes her see the opposite spectrum of light that is normally perceived. Unlike "normal" people, Jane sees the color violet as red, orange as blue, and so forth. So, suppose, for example, that you and Jane are looking at the same orange. While you perceive the fruit as colored orange, Jane sees it as colored blue. However, when asked what color the piece of fruit is, both you and Jane will report "orange". In fact, one can see that all of your behavioral as well as functional relations to colors will be the same. Jane will, for example, properly obey traffic signs just as any other person would, even though this involves the color perception. Therefore, the argument goes, since there can be two people who are functionally identical, yet have different mental states (differing in their qualitative or phenomenological aspects), functionalism cannot sufficiently account for all mental states.
 
Another main criticism of functionalism is the [[inverted spectrum]] or inverted [[qualia]] scenario, most specifically proposed as an objection to functionalism by Ned Block (1980b). This thought experiment involves supposing that there is a person, call her Jane, that is born with a condition which makes her see the opposite spectrum of light that is normally perceived. Unlike "normal" people, Jane sees the color violet as red, orange as blue, and so forth. So, suppose, for example, that you and Jane are looking at the same orange. While you perceive the fruit as colored orange, Jane sees it as colored blue. However, when asked what color the piece of fruit is, both you and Jane will report "orange". In fact, one can see that all of your behavioral as well as functional relations to colors will be the same. Jane will, for example, properly obey traffic signs just as any other person would, even though this involves the color perception. Therefore, the argument goes, since there can be two people who are functionally identical, yet have different mental states (differing in their qualitative or phenomenological aspects), functionalism cannot sufficiently account for all mental states.
 
Chalmers (1996) tries to show that even though mental content cannot be fully accounted for in functional terms, there is nevertheless a ''nomological correlation'' between mental states and functional states in this world. A silicon-based robot, for example, whose functional profile matched our own, would ''have'' to be fully conscious. His argument for this claim takes the form of a ''reductio ad absurdum''. The general idea is that since it would be very unlikely for a conscious human being to experience a change in its qualia which it utterly fails to notice, mental content and functional profile appear to be inextricably bound together, at least in the human case. If the subject's qualia were to change, we would expect the subject to notice, and therefore his functional profile to follow suit. A similar argument is applied to the notion of ''absent'' qualia. In this case, Chalmers argues that it would be very unlikely for a subject to experience a fading of his qualia which he fails to notice and respond to. This, coupled with the independent assertion that a conscious being's functional profile just could be maintained, irrespective of its experiential state, leads to the conclusion that the subject of these experiments would remain fully conscious. The problem with this argument, however, as Brian G. Crabb (2005) has observed, is that it begs the central question: How could Chalmers ''know'' that functional profile can be preserved, for example while the conscious subject's brain is being supplanted with a silicon substitute, unless he already assumes that the subject's possibly changing qualia would not be a determining factor? And while changing or fading qualia in a conscious subject might force changes in its functional profile, this tells us nothing about the case of a permanently inverted or unconscious robot. A subject with inverted qualia from birth would have nothing to notice or adjust to. Similarly, an unconscious functional simulacrum of ourselves (a zombie) would have no experiential changes to notice or adjust to. Consequently, Crabb argues, Chalmers' 'fading qualia' and 'dancing qualia' arguments fail to establish that cases of permanently inverted or absent qualia are nomologically impossible.