Ero sivun ”Perun varhaiskeraaminen kausi” versioiden välillä
| [arvioimaton versio] | [arvioimaton versio] |
Poistettu sisältö Lisätty sisältö
Ei muokkausyhteenvetoa |
Ei muokkausyhteenvetoa |
||
Rivi 1:
'''Alkujakso''' (arkeologia) (alkuperiodi, alkuaika) on [[Peru]]n rannikon intiaanikulttuurin se kehitysvaihe, missä saviastioiden tekotaito ja maissinviljely yleistyivät. Se oli noin 2000-900 eaa.
Noin 3300 eaa alkoi Equadorin rannikolle syntyä suuria kyliä, jotka elivät kalastuksella ja maissin viljelyllä. Jo esikeraamisella kaudella noin 3100 eaa alkaen oli syntynyt suuria maanviljelyyn ja kalastukseen perustuvia asutuskeksuksia, joihin liittyi valtavia temppelimonumentteja. Tämä viittaa jonkinlaiseen papiston syntyyn. == Perun esikeraaminen loppuvaihe ==
<!--
Dec. 2004. New radiocarbon dating of 95 samples taken from pyramid mounds and houses in the Supe, Fortaleza, and Pativilca valleys indicates that by 3100 BC there were complex societies with a network of 20 separate major residential centers creating monumental architecture and communal buildings. The new research, published in the journal Nature, demonstrates that by 3100 BC monumental buildings were found across the whole region, not just at Caral.
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/sa/ht02sa.htm
ca. 2800 B.C. Early settlements at Cerro Narrío in the Ecuadorian highlands have contacts with the Pacific coast to acquire spondylus shell and with the tropical Andes for coca leaves.
• ca. 2700 B.C. Real Alto, a Validivian center in the Chanduy valley on the Ecuadorian coast, and Loma Alta, in the Valdivia valley, have post-and-thatch domestic structures arranged in a U-shape around a central plaza.
• ca. 2500 B.C. The valleys along the north Pacific coast of Peru become home to residential communities that grow large. The extensive Aspero, in the lower Supe valley, will cover over thirty acres and include ceremonial mounds, plazas, and terraces. Burials and other caches contain valued materials; a dozen or so unfired clay figurines, mostly female, are the earliest three-dimensional images known from Peru.
• ca. 2400 B.C. Gourd containers are in use while ceramic vessels are still absent from Peru's Pacific coast. Cotton textiles of complex technique and design are made and deposited in middens (refuse heaps) at north coast sites such as Huaca Prieta in the Chicama Valley. Imagery includes profile-headed raptors, double-headed birds, snakes, and crabs with claws transforming into snakes.
• ca. 2200 B.C. The important center of Kotosh in the north central Peruvian Andes has given its name to the highland activities contemporary with those on the coast. Kotosh is strategically placed between the tropical lowlands to the east (Amazonia) and the Pacific coast to the west.
• ca. 2100 B.C. The Peruvian highland site of La Galgada has buildings of stone, plastered white. Important burials with well-preserved contents have been found in its chambers.
--->
Perun keskirannikolla lähekkäin sijaitsevissa Supén, Fortalezan ja Pativilcan laaksossa kukoisti uusien tutkimusten mukaan<ref>http://www.jqjacobs.net/andes/coast.html</ref> yhteisöjä, jotka rakansivat suuria monumentteja, lähinnä temppeleitä, muuallakin kuin usein mainitun [[Caral]]in alueella. Tämä oli Supéjoen kulttuuri tai [[Norte Chicon kulttuuri]].
Rivi 44 ⟶ 64:
Cardal Lurín 3120 ± 90 2690 ± 90
Purulén Zaña 3120 ± 80
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/03/sa/ht03sa.htm
• ca. 2000 B.C. The so-called Temple of the Crossed Hands, a large square building with mud reliefs of crossed human arms in an interior chamber, is built at Kotosh in the north central Andean highlands. Constructed on top of an earlier building, it too will function as a base for a later structure. Objects of baked clay are associated with the temple; fired clay bowls appear at the site about 200 years later.
• ca. 1800 B.C. El Paraíso, one of a number of significant centers on Peru's central Pacific coast, is inland from the seashore and uses quarried stone for ceremonial buildings and platform mounds, the latter arranged in a U shape. Located near arable land, El Paraíso undertakes agricultural irrigation. These central coast developments are umbrellaed by the term Manchay.
• ca. 1700 B.C. Construction begins on the pyramid at the site of Cerro Sechin in the north-central valley of Casma. Built of conical adobes set in clay mortar, the pyramid is placed at the base of a hill and is quadrangular in plan. Smaller buildings flank each side.
• ca. 1600 B.C. Ceramic vessels at Ecuador's Valdivian centers undergo formal and decorative changes. Machalilla ceramics replace Validivian ones, with a significant addition of the stirrup spout bottle. The bottle, where two spouts join to become one terminal, is much favored in northwest South America for hundreds of years.
• ca. 1500 B.C. The Huaca de los Reyes, a grand building complex of plazas, sunken courts, colonnades, towers, and adobe sculptures, is built of stone and clay mortar at the site of Caballo Muerto in Peru's Moche Valley. It is but one of the impressive building complexes of the period on the north and central Pacific coast of Peru.
• ca. 1500 B.C. Gold is hammered into thin foil and placed in the hands and mouth of a youth upon burial at the central highland site of Waywaka in Peru. The gold foil is the first evidence for the working of metals in South America.
• ca. 1450 B.C. A Garagay in the Rimac Valley friezes of finely modeled clay decorate a temple wall. Painted yellow, blue, red and white, the friezes depict fanged supernaturals combining elements of spiders with anthropomorphic features.
• ca. 1400 B.C. The site of Cotocollao north of Quito, where ceramic vessels show similarities to those of Machalilla and later Chorrera ones, maintains trading contacts with the coast.
• ca. 1350 B.C. In Peru's Lurín Valley, an anthropomorphic figure over two feet high, and made of a bottle gourd painted with polychrome slip is buried in a temple mound at the site of Mina Perdida. Perhaps the representation of a mythic ancestor, the image has a prominent upper lip from which six large canines protrude.
• ca. 1300 B.C. At Cerro Sechin a stone wall is built around the stepped pyramid and its outer buildings. The slabs are embellished with shallowly engraved images of warriors and rulers as well as images of dismembered human figures.
• ca. 1200 B.C. Rich burials placed in the Cupisnique quebrada (ravine) between the northern Peruvian valleys of Chicama and Jequetepeque include numerous ceramic stirrup spout vessels of distinctive, sculptural style. Cupisnique has given its name to the cultural developments of this period on the wider north coast.
• ca. 1200 B.C. Chorrera ceramics of southwest Ecuador develop out of earlier Valdivia and Machalilla traditions, but are further refined with well-finished surfaces and an enhanced repertory of forms.
• ca. 1200 B.C. Machalilla ceramic vessels are traded long distances from the coast. They have been found at Narrío sites in the highlands and at Tayo Cave on eastern slopes of the Andes.
• ca. 1100 B.C. A massive flat-topped mound known today as the Old Temple at the site of Chavín de Huántar is built. At a height of 9800 feet in the Andes' Callejón de Conchucos, its U-shaped layout recalls earlier coastal complexes. The huge construction has a rubble core sheathed with polished slabs of granite, sandstone, and limestone.
• ca. 1100 B.C. The architectural complex at Cardal in Peru's Lurin Valley has several rectangular plazas, ten sunken circular courts, and a central pyramid with a stairway more than eighteen feet wide. Its rubble core is surfaced with white clay. A relief band of giant interlocking teeth and upper fangs decorates the walls of the entryway to the central atrium.
-->
== Aiheesta muualla ==
| |||