Ero sivun ”Autoritarismi” versioiden välillä

==Historiallisia esimerkkejä==

{|class="wikitable"

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|rowspan="3"|{{Argentina}}<ref>Todd L. Edwards, ''Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook'' (2008), pp. 45–46; Steven E. Sanderson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_xWYSJw3aAQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false The Politics of Trade in Latin American Development] (1992), Stanford University Press, p. 133; William C. Smith, ''Reflections on the Political Economy of Authoritarian Rule and Capitalist Reorganization in Contemporary Argentina'', in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=r0PoAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Generals in Retreat: The Crisis of Military Rule in Latin America]'' (1985), eds. Philip J. O'Brien & Paul A. Cammack, Manchester University Press.</ref><ref>Guillermo A. O'Donnell, ''Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Argentina, 1966–1973, in Comparative Perspective'' (University of California Press, 1988); James M. Malloy, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BHxRrTrLSokC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America: The Modal Pattern]'', in ''Democracy in Latin America: Patterns and Cycles'' (1996; ed. Roderic A. Camp), p. 122; Howard J. Wiards, ''Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great "ism"'' (1997), pp. 113–14.</ref>

|1966–1973

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|1973–1974

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|1976–1983

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|rowspan="2"|{{flagicon image|Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg}} [[Brazil]]<ref>James M. Malloy, ''Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America: The Modal Pattern, in Democracy in Latin America: Patterns and Cycles'' (ed. Roderic A. Camp), p. 122; Thomas E. Skidmore, ''The Political Economy of Policy-making in Authoritarian Brazil, 1967–70'', in ''Generals in Retreat: The Crisis of Military Rule in Latin America'' (1985), eds. Philip J. O'Brien & Paul A. Cammack, Manchester University Press.</ref>

|1937–1945

|[[Getúlio Vargas]]

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|{{flagicon image|Flag of Myanmar (1974-2010).svg}} [[Burma]]<ref>Thomas Carothers, [http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/04/02/is-burma-democratizing/a62j Q&A: Is Burma Democratizing?] (April 2, 2012), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; [http://asiafoundation.org/news/2013/04/asia-foundation-president-discusses-burmamyanmar-in-transition-at-world-affairs-council-sacramento/ President Discusses Burma/Myanmar in Transition at World Affairs Council Sacramento] (April 3, 2013), Asia Foundation; Louise Arbour, [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/06/opinion/in-myanmar-sanctions-have-had-their-day.html In Myanmar, Sanctions Have Had Their Day] (March 5, 2012), ''The New York Times''.</ref>

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|{{Chile}}<ref>Steven E. Sanderson, ''The Politics of Trade in Latin American Development'' (1992), Stanford University Press, p. 133; Carlos Huneeus, ''Political Mass Mobilization Against Authoritarian Rule: Pinochet's Chile, 1983–88'', in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ymAVDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=authoritarianism&f=false Civil Resistance and Power Politics:The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present]'' (2009), Oxford University Press (eds. Adam Roberts & Timothy Garton Ash).</ref>

|[[Augusto Pinochet]]

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|{{Croatia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/dec/13/guardianobituaries.iantraynor|title=Franjo Tudjman, Authoritarian leader whose communist past and nationalist obsessions fuelled his ruthless pursuit of an independent Croatia|date=13 December 1999|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franjo-Tudjman|title=Franjo Tuđman|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref>

|1990–1999

|[[Franjo Tuđman]]

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|{{Czechoslovakia}}

|1938–1939

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|{{Egypt}}<ref>Maye Kassem, ''Egyptian Politics: The Dynamics of Authoritarian Rule'' (2004); Andrea M. Perkins, [http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2736&context=etd Mubarak's Machine: The Durability of the Authoritarian Regime in Egypt] (M.A. thesis, April 8, 2010, University of South Florida).</ref>

|1952–2011

|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], [[Anwar Sadat]] and [[Hosni Mubarak]]

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|{{Indonesia}}

|[[Suharto]]

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|{{flagicon image|Flag of Libya (1977-2011).svg}}[[Libya]]<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/world/gaddafis-rule-timeline/ Gaddafi's 41-Year-Long Rule], ''The Washington Post''; Martin Asser, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12688033 The Muammar Gaddafi Story] (October 21, 2011), BBC News; Alistair Dawber, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/one-libyan-in-three-wants-return-to-authoritarian-rule-6950631.html One Libyan in three wants return to authoritarian rule] (February 16, 2012), ''Independent''.</ref>

|[[Muammar Gaddafi]]

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|{{Lithuania}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Misiunas|first=Romuald J.|year=1970|title=Fascist Tendencies in Lithuania|journal=Slavonic and East European Review|volume=48|issue=110|pages=88–109|jstor=4206165}}</ref>

|[[Antanas Smetona]]

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|{{Macedonia}}<ref>Matthew Brunwasser, [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/world/europe/concerns-grow-about-authoritarianism-in-macedonia.html?_r=0/ Concerns Grow About Authoritarianism in Macedonia], ''The New York Times'', October 13, 2011.</ref><ref>Andrew MacDowall, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/27/fears-macedonias-fragile-democracy-amid-coup-wiretap-claims Fears for Macedonia's fragile democracy amid 'coup' and wiretap claims], ''The Guardian'', February 27, 2015.</ref>

|2006–2016

|[[Nikola Gruevski]]

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|rowspan="2"|{{Portugal}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pinto|first=António Costa|year=2006|title=Authoritarian legacies, transitional justice and state crisis in Portugal's democratization|journal=Democratization|volume=13|issue=2|pages=173–204|doi=10.1080/13510340500523895}} [http://www.ics.ul.pt/publicacoes/workingpapers/wp2005/wp2005_3.pdf Working paper].</ref>

|1926–1933

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|[[António de Oliveira Salazar]] and [[Marcelo Caetano]]

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|{{flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1945 - 1977).svg}} [[Spain]]<ref>Richard Gunther, ''The Spanish Model Revisited'', in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JhStAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false The Politics and Memory of Democratic Transition: The Spanish Model]'', (eds. Diego Muro & Gregorio Alonso), Taylor & Francis 2010, p. 19.</ref>

|[[Francisco Franco]]

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|{{flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928-1994).svg}} [[South Africa]]<ref>Tracy Kuperus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=J-n5URXKPRoC&pg=PA77 Building a Pluralist Democracy: An Examination of Religious Associations in South Africa and Zimbabwe], in ''Race and Reconciliation in South Africa: A Multicultural Dialogue in Comparative Perspective'' (eds. William E. Van Vugt & G. Daan Cloete), Lexington Books, 2000.</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pQf1AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 The South Africa Reader: History, Culture, Politics]'' (eds. Clifton Crais & Thomas V. McClendon; Duke University Press, 2014), p. 279.</ref>

|1948–1994

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|rowspan="2"|{{South Korea}}<ref>[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-other-rok-memories-authoritarianism-democratic-south-korea The Other R.O.K.: Memories of Authoritarianism in Democratic South Korea] (October 11, 2011), [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]; Sangmook Lee, [http://www.tfd.org.tw/docs/dj0301_new/099-126-Sangmook%20Lee.pdf Democratic Transition and the Consolidation of Democracy in South Korea] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224195621/http://www.tfd.org.tw/docs/dj0301_new/099-126-Sangmook%20Lee.pdf|date=December 24, 2012}} July 2007, ''Taiwan Journal of Democracy'', Volume 3, No. 1, pp. 99–125.</ref><ref>Hyug Baeg Im, [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=44F94BAE852A3B2B3E02069091C16DFC.journals?fromPage=online&aid=7616752 The Rise of Bureaucratic Authoritarianism in South Korea], ''World Politics'' Vol. 39, Issue 2 (January 1987), pp. 231–57</ref>

|1948–1960

|[[Syngman Rhee]]

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|1962–1987

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|{{Taiwan}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Leng|first1=Shao-chuan|last2=Lin|first2=Cheng-yi|year=1993|title=Political Change on Taiwan: Transition to Democracy?|journal=[[The China Quarterly]]|volume=|issue=136|pages=805–39|doi=|issn=0305-7410|jstor=655592|registration=y}}; Shirley A. Kan, Congressional Research Service, [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41263.pdf Democratic Reforms in Taiwan: Issues for Congress] (May 26, 2010); ''Taiwan's Electoral Politics and Democratic Transition: Riding the Third Wave'' (1996), eds. Charles Chi-Hsiang Chang & Hung-Mao Tien; Edward S. Steinfeld, ''Playing Our Game:Why China's Rise Doesn't Threaten the West'' (2010), Oxford University Press, pp. 217–22.</ref>

|1945–1990

|[[Kuomintang]]

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|{{Turkey}}<ref>Erik J. Zürcher, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qaC24BFy4JQC Turkey: A Modern History] (I.B. Tauris: rev. ed. 1997), pp. 176–206.</ref><ref>Ayse Gül Altinay, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=keLIAAAAQBAJ The Myth of the Military-Nation: Militarism, Gender, and Education in Turkey]'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 19–20.</ref>

|1925–1945

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|{{FR Yugoslavia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/931018.stm|title=Milosevic: Serbia's fallen strongmany |date=30 March 2001|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pribićević|title="Serbia—From Authoritarian Regime to Democracy." Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies|publisher=Project MUSE}}</ref>

|[[Slobodan Milošević]]

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|{{Zimbabwe}}<ref>Daniel Compagnon, ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Predictable_Tragedy.html?id=Ff-F2wS_YW4C A Predictable Tragedy: Robert Mugabe and the Collapse of Zimbabwe]'' ([[University of Pennsylvania Press]], 2011).</ref>

|1980–2017

|[[Robert Mugabe]]

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