English: This is a publicity still taken and publicly distributed to promote the subject or a work relating to the subject.
As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honathaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook (Focal Press, 2001, p. 211.): "Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."
Nancy Wolff, in The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook (Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.), notes: "There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them."
Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989, p. 87), writes: "According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."
Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference of cinema scholars and editors[1], that: "[The conference] expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements... [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."
The photo has no copyright markings on it.
United States Copyright Office page 2 "Visually Perceptible Copies The notice for visually perceptible copies should contain all three elements described below. They should appear together or in close proximity on the copies.
2 The year of first publication. If the work is a derivative work or a compilation incorporating previously published material, the year date of first publication of the derivative work or compilation is sufficient. Examples of derivative works are translations or dramatizations; an example of a compilation is an anthology. The year may be omitted when a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work, with accompanying textual matter, if any, is reproduced in or on greeting cards, postcards, stationery, jewelry, dolls, toys, or useful articles.
Tämä kuva on public domainissa, koska tämä kuva on skannattu tai kopioitu tekijänoikeuksiltaan vanhentuneesta kirjasta tai muusta kaksiulotteisesta teoksesta. Koska skannaus tai kopiointi ei ylitä teoskynnystä, myös tämän kuvan katsotaan olevan public domainissa. Kuvan lähde on public domainissa seuraavasta syystä:
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published in the United States between 1929 and 1977, inclusive, without a copyright notice. For further explanation, see Commons:Hirtle chart as well as a detailed definition of "publication" for public art. Note that it may still be copyrighted in jurisdictions that do not apply the rule of the shorter term for US works (depending on the date of the author's death), such as Canada (50 p.m.a.), Mainland China (50 p.m.a., not Hong Kong or Macao), Germany (70 p.m.a.), Mexico (100 p.m.a.), Switzerland (70 p.m.a.), and other countries with individual treaties.
Älä merkitse tällä mallineella maalauksista otettuja valokuvia. Merkitse ne mallineella {{PD-Art}} näin: {{PD-Art|Tekijänoikeusmalline}}. Huomaa, että myös valokuvan on oltava public domainissa, jos maalaus on Pohjois-Euroopassa, Espanjassa tai Yhdistyneessä kuningaskunnassa. Sivulla Commons:When to use the PD-scan tag selitetään milloin ja miten tätä mallinetta tulisi käyttää. Tämä malline on tarkoitettu kuviin, joiden kirkkautta, kontrastia, värejä tai terävyyttä on säädetty tai ei tiedetä, onko muutoksia tehty. Nämä muutokset eivät ylitä yleensä teoskynnystä. Tätä mallinetta ei tarvitse käyttää jos kyseessä tiedetään olevan muokkaamaton kuva.
Tämä tiedosto sisältää esimerkiksi kuvanlukijan, digikameran tai kuvankäsittelyohjelman lisäämiä lisätietoja. Kaikki tiedot eivät enää välttämättä vastaa todellisuutta, jos kuvaa on muokattu sen alkuperäisen luonnin jälkeen.
Kuvan nimi
The Beach Boys // Photographer Unknown // 23681 // Beach Boys publicity shot
Tekijä
Photographer Unknown
Tekijänoikeuden omistaja
public domain // public domain // Copyright Date TBD
